Suppression of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks

Introduction The suppression and control of full surface combustible tanks fire demands more commitments in terms of equipment, resources and human logistics. In fact, given the intensity of the experienced losses, fire safety industrial units have considerably enhanced the techniques used to successfully extinguish and control fires faced in the outsized inflammable storage tanks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Suppression of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These techniques are persistently updated since the major fires and explosions which might cause earthquakes, lightning, demises or injuries arise from inapt safety practices adopted when flammable or combustible liquids are being handled. Thus, the drastic measures assumed while using, handling and storing flammable chemicals or liquids necessitate suitable actions which might guarantee the protec tion of individuals from any kind of explosion or fire. Applicable terms used Given the nature of the subject being handled, it becomes imperative to highlight and shade light on different phrases that relate to the topic. First, the liquid vapor pressure as a term tends to designate the force that vapor exerts when chemicals or liquids are sealed in a vessel. Second, according to Shelley et al., the liquid boiling point (BP) tends to define the measurable temperature where both the atmospheric pressure of a liquid and its saturated vapor pressure are equal (p.63). Finally, NFPA defines the liquid flash point as the least temperature that allows liquids to produce sufficient vapor which forms a combustible fusion with any air that is near the surface of the liquid. This implies that, the term flash point is quite essential when classifying both flammable as well as combustible liquids. NFPA 30 classification of combustible and flammable liquids Basically, any liquid whose vapor pres sure is equivalent to or not more than forty pounds per square inch at 37.80C and equally has a flash-point which is less than 37.80C (1000C) can be termed as flammable liquid (NFPA 6-198)(NFPA 30–4.2.3).Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, liquid mixes consisting of ninety-nine percent or even greater total mixtures and whose flash point constituents surpass 1000F are deemed nonflammable liquids. From this information, inflammable liquids are apparently grouped into three categories as discussed below: All liquids whose flash points either surpass or are equivalent to 1000F but less than 1400F are categorized under class II. All liquids having flash points that are less than 2000F but surpass or equal 1400F are grouped under class IIIA, and All liquids having flash points that either equals to or exceed 2000F are grouped under class IIIB. Furthermor e, the American Petroleum Institute asserts that combustible and flammable liquids can be classified under two major classes’ namely polar solvent (soluble) and hydrocarbon (insoluble) (p.6). From these classifications, polar solvents comprise of soluble liquids including alcohols, ketones and esters. Hydrocarbons in contrast encompass petroleum products that are insoluble for example jet fuels, crude oils and gasoline. Flammable storage tanks In each and every industrial facility, there is a storage tank specifically designed to store combustible liquids and chemicals. Such industries always comprise of automobile manufacturing plants, oil or petroleum factories alongside power plants. Based on NFPA Code 30, quite a number of such complexes usually hoard combustible liquids within their respective atmospheric storage tanks. However, these inflammable storage tanks simply vary in dimensions and have breadths stretching from three hundred and fifty feet. Hildebrand and Noll cl aim that such a tank can hold flammable liquids with capacity above one million five hundred thousand barrels (p.18). Storage tanks can be classified founded on the kind of roofing they have. For instance, at present, there are different kinds of flammable storage tanks including fixed roof tanks, external open top detached or floating roof tank, covered internal floating roofed tanks and external floating domed storage tanks (Institution of Chemical Engineers 12).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Suppression of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Irrespective of the varieties, it is advisable that when storage tanks are being selected, critical factors should be taken into consideration. The factors include the location of tanks and the kind of liquid the storage tank will contain. It is worth noting that combustible liquids should be stowed in outsized co ned roof storage tanks. In case this is impossible, they should be stored in low pressurized tanks or underground storage tanks. Shelley et al. asserts that, when in large capacities, combustible liquids ought to be stockpiled in tanks that have open-top floating roofs or internal floating roofs (p.63). The small quantities can however be stored in either vertical or horizontal low pressured tanks as well as in underground tanks Various flammable storage tanks and the adopted methods used to combat fire incidences are as discussed below. Fixed roof tanks Basically, these flammable storage tanks are perpendicular cylinders in nature and they bear lasting attached roofs. The rooftops of these inflammable tanks are marginally hemispherical or flat to let in air spaces and obstruct water accretion amid the underneath rooftop and the inflammable liquid surface. Such tanks have frail rooftop shell seams and are constructed as per the API standards (American Petroleum Institute 11). When a n interior overpressure ensued from an outburst, the design lets the rooftop to disengage from the perpendicular shell to forestall the bottommost seams failure which might cause the inflammable tanks to impel or fly upwards. The inflammable tanks integrate some sort of emitting capacities which let the inflammable storage tanks to puff in great temperature disparities during packing and unpacking.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pressure space outlet lets the amassing pressure within the inflammable storage tanks to stay idem to the exterior atmospheric-pressure. From the flammable storage tanks location, the vents are sometimes equipped with flame diverters or arresters and environmental controls which aids in capturing fugitive emissions (Shelley et al. 64). External open top detached or floating roof tank These storage tanks are upright (steel) cylinders having roofs which float in the tanks liquid surface. They are open to the above atmosphere given that they do not have the overhead fixed roofs. In fact, the open top floating roofed tanks have double decks which aids in the liquid surface floatation and pan which floats on the pontoons (Hildebrand and Noll 29). Often, the roofs fall and rise as the liquid levels change. Moreover, these inflammable hoarding tanks have rim closures that aid in averting the evading gases and are regularly utilized in the stowage of rudimentary lubricants or crude oils . Covered internal floating roofed tanks These tanks have self-sustaining fixed roofs or upright supports inside the fixed roofed tanks. The pan which is the internal roof floats on the liquid surface while rising and falling as the flammable liquid level changes. The pan either has a double floatation deck or floats on the pontoons. The overhead immovable roofing has a vulnerable air outlet that lets the thatched interior space to take in air. The vent allowance for the fixed roofs assumes this strategy given that their vapor spaces are deemed to be less than the flammable limits (Institution of Chemical Engineers 19). In the rim cover spaces, stoppers are customarily offered to deter any evading quick discharges. Such inflammable storage tanks are characteristically utilized in packing widespread and highly inflammable products including gas. The causes and preventions of storage tank fires It is usually reported in the trade journals and newspaper clipping that petroleum product storage tanks have caught fire. Such news is common both locally and internationally. Despite the reported cases of global flammable storage tank fires that are rampant, the causes are attributable to; natural sources, simple flammable storage tanks designs, unsuitable safety policy measures and errors made by human beings. The next section highlights numerous bases for the storage fires as well as the suitable fire prevention methods. Vent fires Vent fires are linked to the fixed roof tanks including the internal floating and cone roof tanks. These categories of fires are primarily triggered by lightning strikes which kindle the elusive fumes that could be available at the inflammable packing tanks chimneys. They majorly occur when the flammable storage tanks are being filled (Hildebrand and Noll 35). Apart from lightning, vent fires might be caused by human activities, electrical arcing and static charges that occur close to the flammable storage tanks location. Vent fires may tra nspire in kind of flammable storage tank except in the externally suspended cone roofed storage tanks. However, it is a diminutive yet austere fire type that is often extinguishable via reducing the accumulating pressure inside the storage tanks or using dry chemical fire extinguishers. NFPA guidelines (NAFP 20-217) also stipulates that vent fires can be suppressed through close monitoring of human activities which take place near flammable storage tanks and by installing lightning arrestors to inhibit the occurrence of static charges. Rim seal fires They involve a vast bulk of external floating roof tanks fires yet occur also in domed roof or internal floating roofed tanks. Lightning seems to be the prime detonation source albeit according to the detached roofed inflammable storage tanks, electrically prompted charges which have uninterrupted lightning hit could similarly arise. Studies indicate that lightning cause 95% of the total rim seal fires. To successfully extinguish the ri m seal fires, the protective rim seal fire systems including the foam chambers are normally installed. National Fire Protection Association 780 also necessitates that rim seal fires can be suppressed through installing roof shunts. This will help in dispelling lightning strikes energy and consequently suppress fire (p.12). Further, rim-seal fires might be barred by fixing constricted stoppers to contain gas from skirting from the inflammable storing containers. The submerged ground cables should be properly set up to aid in connecting the roof of the storage tank and the shell. Firefighting and monitoring systems must be installed to assist in quick detection and rapid response in case of rim seal fires. Overfill ground fires Also dubbed as dike fires, these types of fires emanate from tank or piping leakage. Any flammable storage tank that is situated above the ground is prone to these types of fires. Habitually, overfill ground fires result from other causes including equipment ma lfunctioning or the errors of the operators. Such errors and failures cause the combustible liquids to spill and form dikes above the surface. It is recommended that when a leakage ensues devoid of an ignition, caution should be exercised and all ignition sources must be isolated. When an ignition occurs, the fire should be treated as an outsized pool fire. Dike fires are apparent in internal, domed, external floating, fixed cone and internal floating roof tanks (Shelley et al. 51). Unobstructed and obstructed full surface external fires According to Hildebrand and Noll claims, these fires take place when whole surface of the flammable liquid storage tanks catch fire (p.37). They can occur either as unobstructed or obstructed full surface external fires. As regards to obstructed-full surface fires, it becomes difficult to access the flaming parts because they are blocked by the pan or roof. When the pan or the roof sinks, these fires are bound to occur. The roof might sink when rain accumulates on top of it thus surpassing the flammable tank design standards. It can also sink if unsuitable firefighting materials are used in case of rim seal fires. Finally, filling the platform with rust and other materials from the tank may cause the roof to sink. These types of fire pose significant challenge to firefighters. This is because of presence of the pan or roof blocks to enter the burning flammable storage tank surface. Thus, the pan or roofs are made such that they can sink or tilt to cease any fires. Alternatively, large water supply could be used to cool, suppress vapor and ultimately extinguish fire (American Petroleum Institute 21). Regular inspection should be conducted to aid in the identification of platform letdowns and drain plugins. When people are freely allowed to access flammable tank surfaces, unobstructed bursting surface fires are likely to arise. They are commonly found in fixed roof tanks which lack the internal roofs or pans. These fires cause t he weak welding amid the shell and the roof to break causing the two to separate. They can equally be witnessed when the storage tanks capacity is overawed by heavy rains as is the case with external floating roof flammable tanks. Case study: Flammable storage tanks Barton Solvents on fire An explosion accompanied with fire was witnessed in Barton Solvents Wichita complexes in Kansas Valley Center on July 17th 2007. A firefighter and eleven people were injured and got medical treatments. Basically, this incident considerably interrupted businesses in Barton, destroyed the farms where the tanks were located and triggered Valley Center evacuations where nearly six thousand residents were displaced. When an investigation was carried out by the United States Chemical and Investigation Board (CSB), it was found that the first explosion took place right inside the perpendicular but above ground flammable storage tank which at that time was being packed with VMP (Varnish Makers and Painter s naphtha. VMP is a flammable liquid classified under Class IB. Due to its low level of electrical conductivity, the liquid accumulated dangerous static electricity and produced ignitable air-vapor mixtures inside the tanks. It was a result of these that the first explosion happened when a tank farm administrator initiated the transfer of VMP naphtha into a fifteen thousand gallon above the ground inflammable storage tanks. http ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZkBfFHNgb8 Buncefield oil depot Cases of flammable storage tanks fire have been experienced in the U.S., East Coast, West Coast and other cities. A very spectacular fire case occurred in the Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire which erupted at Buncefield Oil Depot, England. Despite the incessant overlook of the common element namely volunteer firefighters and industrial hazard training that flammable storage tanks ought to have, the storage tanks failed the close monitoring by firefighters (Shelley et al. 47). Failure to put i n place the preplan and construction features required to respond to fire incidences exposed the petroleum industry to immense storage tank fires. While the petroleum industry full-fledged, it demanded fire protection, better construction, design and upgrading of standards and codes intended to curb flammable storage tank fires. Regardless of such measures, it is worth noting that despite the decrease in storage tank fire frequencies, the tank sizes had increased. This presented austere hazards in fire events. Fires which embroil immense aboveground inflammable storage reservoirs attested to be actually very pricey in regard to commerce disturbance, public judgment, ecological destruction and assets loss (Shelley et al 47). The fire took nearly five days to be extinguished burning down twenty three flammable storage tanks. There were no deaths even though 43 people got injured. http: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-M-z9JYX0Yfeature=related Management of fire risk It is indeed very diffi cult to eliminate incidences of inflammable storage tanks fires. However, such incidences can be abridged via proper operations, design and well-articulated maintenance practices. It is deemed necessary to execute fit inspections based on the API 635 standards (Shelley et al. 68). These standards requires once-a-month routine visual operational inspection to check incidences of corrosion, leakages shell alterations and tint crust. The formal operational external inspection should entail obligatory inspections done on storage tanks after 5 years if the rusting allowance is below twenty years. The focus under this kind of inspection relates to fire protection systems in place, internal floating surfaces, coverings, foundations, conduits, airstream guiders, the entrance constructions and shell accessories. Report should be prepared on the operational capacities and conditions to gauge the levels of safety. Internal inspections named out of service needs to be performed once after twent y years to determine the rate of storage tanks corrosion. If there are no signs of corrosion, this kind of inspection must be performed after ten years (American Petroleum Institute 86). These inspections need to be performed after emptying and cleaning the storage tanks. Besides, a blend of leakage testing, magnetic fluxes and ultrasonic breadths should be carried out on top of the visual inspections. These might help in identifying and evaluating the status of tanks as regards to rust, leakages and incidences of failures. Conclusion Evidently, the stored combustible and inflammable liquids tend to bring with them innate risks of fire threats which follow explosions. This calls for the classification of combustible and inflammable liquids into three classes to aid in determining the suitable facilities that could be used to store such liquids. Quite a number of tanks have however been designed to help store the inflammable liquids and all these storage tanks are susceptible to part icular kinds of fire risks. While most risks are pooled to all types of storage tanks, maintenance practices, numerous designs, inspections as well as standards like NASP that have established should be adopted to minimize the risks of storage tanks explosions and fires. Entities are advised to choose from a list of the developed firefighting systems and equipment to be certain that all combustible and inflammable liquids are stored safely. To avoid incidences of flammable storage tank fires, proper inspection should be conducted based on the instituted standards given that it is the best suppression technique. This technique warrants that flammable storage tanks incessantly appraised in order to give room for amendments prior to loss of lives and emergence of disasters. There should also be planned emergency techniques to assist in curbing storage tank fire incidences. Works Cited American Petroleum Institute (API). Prevention and Suppression of Fires in Large Above Ground Atmosphe ric Storage Tanks. Washington, DC: API, 1998. Print. Hildebrand, Michael and Noll Gregory. Storage Tank Emergencies: Guideline and Procedures. Annapolis, MD: Red Hat, 1997. Print. Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE). BP Process Safety Series: Liquid Hydrocarbon Tank Fires, Prevention and Response. Rugby, United Kingdom: IChemE, 2005. Print. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Fire Protection Handbook. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2008. Print. Shelley, Craig, Antony Cole and Timothy Markley. Industrial Firefighting for Municipal Firefighters. Tulsa, OK: Fire Engineering, 2007. Print. This research paper on Suppression of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks was written and submitted by user Hezekiah Burt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cause and Effect Essay Example Great Depression

Cause and Effect Essay Example Great Depression Cause and effect essays  are popular ways of helping students understand the relationship between various events. They’re extremely popular in history classes, although students are certainly going to encounter them in English and writing classes as well. English and writing classes are often geared towards helping students be better at critical thinking in general, and cause and effect essays can serve as excellent critical thinking exercises in general. Cause and effect essay outline is a five-paragraph essay with an introduction paragraph, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion paragraph. 50 WINNING CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY TOPICS If you are looking for cause and effect essay examples here is a great one below Cause and Effect Essay Example: GREAT DEPRESSION The World Great Depression hit the global economy from the late 1920s through the period in 1930s. The depression had enormous market implications: social, economic and political. In order to understand the implications of the global depression crisis, it is imperative to review the crisis causes. This essay reviews on the economic and political causes of  the crisis and their subsequent implications. Economically, the crisis onset was in 1929 characterized by the Wall Street collapse. At this time, the economy purchasing power was failing as money supply decreased. Initially, there was speculation on the eminent Wall Street collapse. At this time, the USA government resulted to financial measures aimed at reducing this influence. In this case, the federal government sought to reduce money supply in the economy through increased interest rates. This aimed at establishing avenues to reduce the increased money supply in the market. However, this process failed in the long run as the money supply continuously fell (Rosen, 2005). The Federal Reserve Bank, the central bank in America failed to institute mechanisms to reduce this crisis. Consequently, this led to the  reduced  money supply in the economy resulting in  the great depression. Reduced money supply in the market reduced the economy’s ability to purchase products. Politically, Rosen (2005) stated that the protectionism approach and regulations played a significant role in the emergence and escalation of the global recession crisis. In this regard, global economies such as European  markets developed strategies to regulate against increased importation into the markets. This sought to remedy the European market overproduction rates. Similarly, in order to protect the American multinational companies; the government in 1930 instituted the Smoot-Hawley Tariff. The tariff instituted high taxation rates for imports in the Unites States. In this regard, the strategy sought to limit importation into the economy. This was a strategy to mitigate against the increased overproduction in the economy. As such, the government sought to establish the structure  through which to reduce on the implications of increased overproduction in the economy. However, although this reduced instances of over production in the economy, it led to reduced international trade. Consequently, this reduced foreign exchange in the global markets. This trend was not only in the USA  but also in countries across the global economy. Increased tariffs and importation restrictions resulted to reduced international trade. As a result, economies were subjected to decreased foreign exchange. This implicated on the overall currency purchasing powers in the economy as currencies lost their value in the global market. International trade plays a significant role in enhancing increased currency purchasing through the development of balanced and favorable terms of trade. Through the establishment of favorable terms of trade, economies currencies increase their purchasing power enhancing increased spending and consumption levels in an economy. Reduction on the trade resulted in  reduced spending further reducing money supply in the market, thus propagating the global Great Depression crisis. The reduction in the  importation  and international trade rates resulted in  increased unemployment rates. The international trade distribution channels proved increased employment opportunities. Therefore, its collapse led to increased unemployment. Further, the trade allowed for increased government revenues through levied taxes and tariffs. To this effect, its reduction resulted to decreased government revenues. A combination of these factors reduced earnings and government spending in the economy. Consequently, the reduced international trade perpetuated reduced money supply in the global market. The global depression crisis emergence was because of reduced money supply in the market. An additional cause for the escalation of the global recession crisis was the existence of small and numerous banks. In this regard, the banks lacked enough capital and funds to support their systems. To this effect, the collapse of Wall Street resulted in an  increased lack of confidence in  the banking industry. As a result, there emerged the cash rush. This was a process through which banking customers sought to withdraw their funds and have them in liquid cash. Due to the advance and defaulted loans, the banking industry was unable to avail all the required funds. This led to the eventual collapse of the banking industry. The banking industry is an imperative component in the global market success and functioning. Therefore, the collapse of the banking industry led to the eventual collapse of the entire global economy as the banking services that enhanced transaction success no longer functions (Rosen, 2005). Consequently, the global market failed to result in the great recession. Moreover, the global depression crisis emergence can be hedged on the political systems and obligations imposed on nations after World War I. After the war, the USA emerged as a major power due to its late entry into the war. As a result, it advanced loans and funds towards the reconstruction of global nations such as Germany. On the other hand, Germany was burdened with increased loans repayment as damages for the war. This culminated in the banking industry overspending and due to inflation, the banks considerably raised their lending rates leading to global market supply deficiency. HOW TO WRITE A CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY If you need assistance with cause and effect essay writing, feel free to contact our friendly support team or place an order and we will gladly help you.

To what extent can some problems in Middle Eastern politics be blamed Essay

To what extent can some problems in Middle Eastern politics be blamed on colonial or imperial intervention - Essay Example he colonial and imperial powers.2 This essay therefore seeks to assess to what extent the currently witnessed problems in the Middle East can be traced to the colonial periods. It takes into account that despite that fact that colonial rule in the Middle East ended many years ago, the tendrils of its legacy evokes the currently domestic problems in those states.3 This paper unearths the political institutions, systems and governing policies instituted by the colonial and imperial powers as a way of assessing the root causes of the modern problems in the colonized states in the Middle East. Baxter and Akbarzadeh noted that the so called â€Å"Middle East† was largely a westernized invention, right form its leaderships style to its forms of governance inclusive of the territorial boundaries.4 After the First World War, the colonial masters- Britain and France - drew arbitrary boundaries which later were developed to give birth to the current Middle Eastern countries. At first the colonizers-the British and the French barely noticed that their arbitrary created boundaries sliced through cultures and to a greater extend forced antagonistic tribes into one national bed.5 The created boundaries were intentioned for easy control of the colonized by the colonizers. The structure of the Middle East states, created by the colonial powers had a bigger share to blame for the turmoil political atmosphere in the region. This is because the British and the French organized their colonies to consist of disparate groups who had no previous history of being governed as one entity.6 A good example of such states created from disparate groups is the current Iraq which was formed as a product of merging three Ottoman provinces that had little factors in common. This lack of commonality created lines of political weaknesses in their merger as one entity. Put differently, the European and Soviet imperialist created perilous situations that in one way or another encouraged and flamed

A Practitioner's Tool for Child Protection and the Assessment of Essay

A Practitioner's Tool for Child Protection and the Assessment of Parents - Essay Example Approximately two years ago, a friend of mine Claire has told me a story which has impressed me greatly. Her neighbours, a young couple, had an eight-year-old son and Claire has noticed that the boy was not sociable - he never talked to anybody and she was trying to approach him he started to cry and closed his face with hands. She also noticed bruises on his arms and legs. She decided to talk with his parents but she knocked on their door, a drunk has opened it and told not to intervene in his life, he knows better how to deal with his son. Later Claire has found out that the mother of the boy had mental problems and most of the time was in the hospitals, while the father of the boy was used to drinking. As the result, nobody took care of the boy and, most likely, his father often beat him up. When she has finished the story, I could not say anything. I knew that in such cases the special services should be informed, but did not know whether we had the right to intervene. Now I know that in this case, the intervention in family life is compulsory because the child needs protection. The partnership with parents should be still encouraged. When the child is of sufficient age and understanding, he should be kept fully informed of the processes involving his and decisions about their future should take account of their views. This boy is not of sufficient age to understand the harm being done to him, however, the cooperation of his father with social workers might improve the situation in the family.First steps The first step to be taken in this situation is to contact Social Services or the police. Once it is done, the law states that the police have the responsibility to investigate the case and they cannot ignore this information.  

Marketing Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Decision Making - Essay Example Promotion is considered as one of the major elements of marketing mix and it possesses its own mix of communication tools. Advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion among others are some of the elements of IMC, these tools enable a company to implement its advertising and marketing objectives constructively through a coordinated approach. This paper seeks to discuss the basic elements of communication mix putting more emphasis on their pros and cons and how they influence an organizations ability to succeed in their marketing program. It will provide an overview of a promotional product that I created and how I intend to market it using the IMC approach. The rational that I will follow in choosing or rejecting specific elements of the integrated marketing mix will also be provided (Mossman, 2007). Advertising is any paid form of promotions that does not employ active participation of personal presentation to promote ideas, goods, or services through the use of a specific sponsor . Advertising uses a number of channels which include the print media, media broadcast through radios and television, outdoor advertising and other forms of non personal selling. Advertising is a promotional strategy that maintains the omnipresence nature of an organization by increasing its non personal availability to different people. Advertising is highly flexible as it allows a business to focus on a small and precise segment or a mass market depending on the intention of the advertising model. It is also highly cost effective as compared to other elements of market mix as it reaches a large number of target consumers at a lower cost per person (Chen, 2011). With advertising, the message is repeated severally to the consumers which allow them time to compare the product with others offered with other organizations. Dramatization captures the attention of the audience and creates a lasting impression on their minds, a feature that is only possible with advertising. Advertising c an also trigger quick sale and impulse buying among consumers which improves the impacts intended by the promotional strategy employed. However, advertising also have a number of disadvantages as compared to the other available elements of market mix. Feedback is an important aspect of promotion as it enables a business to repackage their product according to the consumer’s desires. Advertising has no room for any immediate feedback from consumers and is less persuasive when compared with the other elements of communication mix (Lichtenthal and Eliaz, 2003). Personal selling is a face to face interaction between the product promoter and the prospective consumers for the sole purpose of making presentation, answering any questions that may arise and finally procuring orders from the consumers. Personal selling is one of the most powerful elements of communication mix as they provide room for building customer relationship and long lasting business relations with the buyers. It provides the room for getting feedbacks from the consumers which allows for any adjustments on the products being marketed. Personal selling occurs in an environment where the consumers attention is fully captured increasing the possibility of getting a genuine response from them on how they view the products and the company. Despite the numerous advantages that personal selling posses, it is however an expensive means of product promotion

English Literature Appreciation of the Beauties of Nature

English Literature Appreciation of the Beauties of Nature Appreciation of the Beauties of Nature There is appreciation for the beauties of nature in almost every Romantic work that we have read. The two works that I saw it the most in were â€Å"Nutting† and â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow†. These two works had very detailed descriptions of the beauties of nature, which really made you appreciate those beauties. Romantic writers such as Wordsworth and Irving really make you see how much they appreciate nature. In â€Å"Nutting† there were many details of the beauties of nature. I think that the best example of this would have to be â€Å"More ragged than need was! Oer pathless rocks,Through beds of matted fern, and tangled thickets†. Even though Wordsworth was talking about how tough this stuff was making it to get through the woods he is using this to show his appreciation of these beauties of nature. I think he was probably doing the same thing in saying â€Å"Motley accoutrement, of power to smile At thorns, and brakes, and brambles,and in truth†. These lines are also showing unpleasant things in nature that are also considered a beauty. Almost every line in Wordsworth’s â€Å"Nutting† describes some beauty of nature. I really like this because it was very descriptive and easy to read. I also really like nature and Wordsworth’s descriptions made me relate to some of things he was talking about. â€Å"Nutting† is a perfect example of how R omanticists expressed their appreciation of the beauties of nature. â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† is also an excellent example of Romanticisms appreciation of the beauties of nature. There are many examples in this work that can make you actually picture what is being seen by the characters in the story. The best example of Irving’s appreciation of the beauties of nature was when Icabod went to Katrina Van Tassel’s house. Irving described her farm so well that almost any one could see what he was talking about. â€Å"Swallows and martins skimmed twittering about the eaves; an rows of pigeons, some with one eye turned up, as if watching the weather, some with their heads under their wings or buried in their bosoms, and others swelling, and cooing, and bowing about their dames, were enjoying the sunshine on the roof†, this is just one example of Irving’s descriptiveness of things in nature. Another example of Irving’s appreciation of the beauty of nature is when he said â€Å"His stronghold was situated o n the banks of the Hudson, in one of those green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so fond of nestling.   A great elm tree spread its broad branches over it, at the foot of which bubbled up a spring of the softest and sweetest water, in a little well formed of a barrel.† With this descriptiveness you can almost taste how sweet the water was. He also makes you feel like you are sitting on the bank of the Hudson river. Irving also did a good job of describing the things in nature that Icabod was passing as he was on his way home from the Van Tassel’s house. Even though the things he was talking about had some superstitions to them such as Major Andre’s Tree which was really scary to Icabod in the dark, but would have probably been beautiful in the daylight. Before Icabod came upon Major Andre’s Tree, he had to cross Wiley’s Swamp which Irving described by saying â€Å"a small brook crossed the road, and ran into a marshy and thickly-wooded glen, known by the name of Wileys Swamp.† Irving definitely did a very excellent job describing the beauties of nature in â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow†. He even made things in nature that looked bad at first look beautiful after he got done describing them. Irving went about Romanticism a lot different than most of the other Romanticists, but the one thing he really had in common was his appreciation for beauty in nature. I really think that it is funny that â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† was really supposed to be kind of scary story, but ended up showing a whole lot of beauty in all of the things that Irving described in this story. Overall, Wordsworth’s â€Å"Nutting† and Irving’s â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† both describe very well a lot of the beauties of nature. I think that they really represented romanticism very well. They were both very descriptive writers and what they wrote was very comprehendible. The style of both writers was really different with Wordsworth’s work being a poem and Irving’s work being more of a short story. They were both very well written and both really showed an appreciation for the beauty of nature. I really enjoyed reading both of these works because of all of the detailed descriptions of things in nature. â€Å"Nutting† Really reminded me of the days before deer season I spend out in the woods scouting out the area with the most oak trees that have the most acorns. I also could really relate to Icabod being spooked by things he was seeing and hearing in the dark on his way home from Katrina Van Tassel’s house. I have often heard some of the same sounds and saw some of the spooky shadows while walking through the woods in the dark as Icabod did. Wordsworth and Irving both did an excellent job in showing their appreciation in the beauties of nature. That is why I have to say that these were two excellent works of Literature.

Child Labor Essay -- Work Children Research Papers

Child Labor The next time when you are out on your shopping trip, chances you may have support a business that exploits children. It is very disturbing and heartbreaking to learn many children are chained to looms for 12 hours a day because families need to have their child bringing home a small amount of moneys. Child labor has always been a difficult subject to address, the topic have become much more complicated and prolific. Child Labor is not an isolated problem. The phenomenon of child labor is an effect of economic discrimination. In different parts of the world, at different stages of histories, laboring of child has been a part of economic life. More than 200 million children worldwide, some are as young as 4 and 5 years old, are slaves to the production line. These unfortunate children manufacture shoes, matches, clothing, rugs and countless other products that are flooding the American market and driving hard-working Americans out of jobs. These children worked long hours, were frequently beaten, and were paid a pittance. In 1979, a study shows more than 50 million children below the age of 16 were considered child labor (United Nation labors agency data). In 1998, according to the Campaign for Labor rights that is a NGO and United Nation Labor Agency, 250 million children around the world are working in farms, factories, and household. Some human rights experts indicate that there are as many as 400 million children under the age of 15 are performing forced labor either part or full-time under unsafe work environment. Based upon the needs of the situation, there are specific areas of the world where the practice of child labor is taking place. According to the journal written by Basu, Ashagrie gat... ...beneficiaries. The hopes of hundreds of millions are a stake; thinking things through is not just good intellectual practice, it is a moral duty because child labor is a human rights issue. By encouraging more child labor in an immoral way, we are not only taking away those innocent years from them but also the rights to be educated and the rights to be free. What is more of human rights than growing up as a free person, attending school without being held in bondage? Bibliography http://www.american.edu/TED/nike.htm http://www.hrw.org/children/labor.htm http://www.saigon.com/~nike/childlabor.html http://japan.usembassy.gov/e/p/tp-2003011a6.html â€Å"Child Labor: Cause, Consequence and Cure with remarks on International Labor Standards†- www.jstor.org http://econ.cudenver.edu/beckman/econ4410/basu.pdf http://slate.msn.com/id/1918

Aquiring Admissable Statements Essay

1. When reviewing the legal requirements to acquire an admissible statement, what similarities did you find among the four states? In general the similarities among the four states pertain to the use of public records such as religious ones, family history, documents more than 20 years old, recorded recollections, the absence of public records, vital statistics, statements about the declarant’s present sense impressions or the declarant’s the existing mental, physical or emotional state, statements about the person’s medical condition. Arizona, Illinois and New York also allow telephone conversations to be admitted into evidence as long as one part has consented to such recording (Pilgrim Software, 2007). 2. What differences did you find among the four states? California requires both parties’ consent to telephone conversation recording for the telephone call to be admitted as evidence (Pilgrim Software, 2007). California has admitted hearsay statements by victims who were murdered, as demonstrated by the (Colb, 2008) Giles v. California. New York Evidence Law (2006) does not allow prior consistent statements. They can only be used to disprove misassigned motive, as demonstrated by People v. Seit, 86 N.Y.2d 92 (1995) (p. 15).However, New York has made exceptions to such statements when they apply to present impressions (p. 15). Out-of-court identifications made by persons not present is treated as hearsay (p. 15). This is also true for California (DiCarlo, 2001). In Arizona, former testimony in a non-criminal action or proceeding is admissible. If it relates to criminal actions or proceedings it is inadmissible (â€Å"Arizona rules,† 2009). Yet, Arizona allows firsthand written accounts of the person’s activities or routines (2009). Illinois (2011) contends that one must â€Å"[†¦] prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing, recording, or photograph is required, except as otherwise provided in these rules or by statute† in order to be admitted. If the original is unavailable, exceptions might be made (2011). 3. What do you consider the most interesting concept regarding your comparison of admissible statements for these states? Perhaps, the most interesting concept regarding the comparison of admissible statements and hearsay exceptions for these states lie within the small and pivotal differences between them. Almost every difference is explained by a court case in that particular state. when one considers that each state has a few exceptions to the federal rules of evidence and hearsay, I cannot help but wonder whether such exceptions are constitutional.

Their Not Always What They Seem To Be Professor Ramos Blog

Their Not Always What They Seem To Be What if you had to live in a foreign country where the president who you choose as your leader became so corrupted that manipulate the system to be reelected and take power over the peoples rights? Many Latin American countries are facing this corruption with presidents being in office for too many terms. They start coming across as good candidates for the good of the people and then they become corrupted and greedy. The people trust in these individuals to make the country a better place with more opportunities. Daniel Ortega, the president of Nicaragua, was first elected back in 1984 and re elected in 2007 for three term. Daniel Ortega the Sandinista leader and his brother Humberto Ortega and Frente Sandinista de Liberacià ³n Nacional (FSLN), a political organization from the left-wing,   organized political support among students, workers, and peasants. On July 1979, they defeated the National Guards and overthrew Anastasio Somoza former president at the time. Somoza and his family controlled   the national radio and telegraph networks, the postal and immigration services, health services, the internal revenue service, and the national railroads. They were living life to the fullest while the people lived in poverty. Daniel Ortega became very liked after taking over because the people thought he was a good man for helping to get rid of Somoza. Ortega became the first Nicaraguan president in history to peacefully surrender power to an opposition party (Morris). The man who gained the trust of so many Nicaraguans, started using his power for corruption and maintaining poverty as well. Parties in the coalition were stripped of their legal status by judges and electoral officials apparently controlled by Ortega’s government. The people are feeling betrayed by the president Daniel Ortega and his wife, Vice President Rosario Murillo, for ordering increase in the amount that the employees and employers have to pay into the system while cutting benefits to elderly pensioners by 5% (Morris). The next day thousands of people including university students, pensioners, environmentalists, feminists, religious leader and many more filled up the streets protesting for Daniel Ortega and his wife to resign as president. The state shut down multiple television stations that were broadcasting live footage and ordered the anti-riot police to fire rounds into the crowd of protestors while ordering them to arrest students and attack universities in Managua the capital. The Nicaragua Center for Human Rights reports approximately 60 death. Journalist Angel Gahona, was killed streaming live footage of protestors in the Caribbean coastal city of Bluefields on Facebook. There were much more report by the Red Cross who were wounded and needed to be hospitalized. On the other hand, many others got incarcerated for looting stores. According to Ortega, the people imprisoned in the disturbances will be brought to trail. It isn’t easy for him to regain control of the streets especially because the people of Nicaragua are tired of his bullshit and are desperate for change. In Rome, Pope Francis called out for the violence to end and a peaceful resolution of the conflict. According to Jose de Cordoba from The Wall Street Journal, a spokeswoman from the State Department, Heather Nauert was not pleased with the â€Å"excessive force used by the police and others against civilians.† The State Department called in a meeting for the Nicaraguan government to restore all television coverage and allow a full investigation of the deaths during the protests. The Ortega government has been mishandling the social security system for years. They’ve used it as a piggy bank to finance housing projects and medical clinics created by Ortega’s association. According to Cordoba, the International Monetary Fund has send out a warning that the Nicaragua’s social security system could run out of money by 2019.   Many people work so hard most of their lives so they could accumulate money in their social security so they could have money to live on. This man is creating more poverty and crime. Most people in Nicaragua are becoming desperate and their breaking into peoples houses and businesses. As it is, Nicaragua remains one of the poorest countries in Latin America (Watts). Daniel Ortega undermine the power and authority of the country’s institutions and developed democracy seeking to form dictatorship like Anastasio Somoza (Cordoba). Ortega benefited in recent years from regular deposits of well over half a billion dollars in cash annually from oil-rich Venezuela. He divided the income between his own family, the private business community organized through a chamber of commerce known as COSEP that exercises broad influence on the local government, and distributed the rest through social security programs to maintain order. The people of Nicaragua are through with Daniel Ortega, they are hoping for change. It is devistating seeing the country I was born at go through these horrible moments. Besides it being the poorest country in Central America, its where God gave us the privilage to be born at. Nicaragua is a beautiful country of volcanoes, lakes and beaches. Taking from the elderly is not the soluation in my opinion. These people depend on their pensions to survive. The people in Nicaragua have lived in poverty for many years for this asshole and his wife to take more from the people is not right at all. They seem to be enjoying their lives while Nicaraguans are struggling to make ends meet. There has to be some kind of change in how our voices are heard so we are able to make changes if needed. Its very sad how Daniel Ortega handled the protests. He had no right to kill all those unarmed individual protesting for change. Can you imagine if you had to live in a country like Nicaragua. Maybe if we had better leaders and government system, the people wouldnt have to look elsewhere to go or even cross the border to seek better opportunities for their families. Hopefully the U.S. could step in and help the people of Nicaragua get rid the president and his wife so they could live in peace. Blair, Laurence. â€Å" More Than 350 Million Latin American Voters to Elect New Leaders in 2018.† The Guardian. 27 December 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec//latin-america-elections-2018-corruption Watts, Jonathan. â€Å"Nicaragua President Re-elected in Landslide Amid Claims of Rigged Vote.† The Guardian. 7 November 2016. https://www.theguardian.com//nicaragua-president-daniel-ortega-reelected-landslide-vote-rigging Morris, Courtney Desiree. â€Å"Unexpected Uprising: The Crisis of Democracy in Nicaragua.† NACLA. 14 May 2018. https://nacla.org/news/2018/07/11/unexpected-uprising-crisis-democracy-nicaragua De Cordoba, Jose. â€Å"Nicaragua Revokes Legislation That Increased Payroll Tax, Cut Pension Benefits.† The Wall Street Journal. 22 April 2018 https://www.wsj.com//nicaragua-revokes-legislation-that-increased-payroll-tax-cut-pension-benefits

Performing Shakespeare - Interview With Ben Crystal

Performing Shakespeare - Interview With Ben Crystal Ben Crystal is the author of Shakespeare on Toast (published by Icon Books), a new book that dispels the myth that Shakespeare is difficult. Here, he shares his thoughts about performing Shakespeare and reveals his top tips for first-time actors. About.com: Is performing Shakespeare difficult? Ben Crystal: Well, yes ... and so it should be! These plays are over 400 years old. They contain cultural gags and references that are completely obscure to us. But they’re also hard to perform because Shakespeare was so darned good at tapping into the human heart – so, as an actor you can’t allow yourself to hold back. If you can’t go to the depths of your soul, explore the extremes of yourself, go to the bad place as Othello or Macbeth, then you shouldn’t be on the stage. You have to think about the big speeches in Shakespeare as the most important things the character has ever said; they need to be spoken with your chest cut open, your heart bare, and with tremendous passion. You need to tear the words from the sky. If you don’t feel like you’ve run a marathon when you’re done, you’re not doing it right. It takes courage to open yourself up to an audience like that, letting them see your insides without desperately trying to show them – it takes practice. About.com: What’s your advice to someone performing Shakespeare for the first time? Ben Crystal: Don’t treat it lightly, but don’t treat it too seriously either. I know that sounds like a contradiction, but it’s similar to the notion of having to act truthfully in a big space, which many actors struggle with. It’s a tricky balance, and Shakespeare asks you to deal with these huge ideas and emotions which all too often lead you into â€Å"over-acting† – stay away from big gestures and over-the-top characterizations. A lot of what you need to know is on the page already. So it is tricky, and you have to work at it, but it’s also the best fun in the world. Enjoy it. Learn your lines so well you can go running or do the washing up while saying them. Only once they’re a deep part of you, can you start playing. A lot of people take Shakespeare’s plays far too seriously, and forget that important word: â€Å"play†. It’s a game, so enjoy it! You can’t â€Å"play† with your fellow actors if you’re trying to remember your lines. About.com: Has Shakespeare left clues to actors in the text? Ben Crystal: Yes, I think so. So does Peter Hall, Patrick Tucker, and a fair few others. Whether or not he actually did is always going to be up for debate. Going back to an original text like the First Folio will help. It’s the first collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, edited by two of his leading actors. They would have wanted to create a book on how to perform their colleague’s plays, not how to read them - 80% of Elizabethans couldn’t read! So the First Folio is as close to Shakespeare’s intended scripts as we can possibly get. When modern editors of the plays are making a new edition, they go back to the First Folio and remove capitalized letters, change spellings and switch speeches between characters because they’re looking at the plays from a literary point of view, not a dramatic one. Bearing in mind that Shakespeare’s company would perform a new play every day, they simply wouldn’t have had much time to rehearse. Therefore, the theory goes that much of the stage direction is written into the text. Indeed, it is possible to work out where to stand, how fast to speak, and what your character’s state of mind is, all from the text. About.com: How important is it to understand iambic pentameter before performing? Ben Crystal: That depends on how much you respect the writer you’re working with. Most of Shakespeare’s plays are written in that particular rhythmical style, so to ignore it would be foolish. Iambic pentameter is the rhythm of our English language and of our bodies – a line of that poetry has the same rhythm as our heartbeat. A line of iambic pentameter fills the human lung perfectly, so it’s the rhythm of speech. One could say that it’s a very human sounding rhythm and Shakespeare used it to explore what it is to be human. On a slightly less abstract note, iambic pentameter is a line of poetry with ten syllables, and all the even-numbered syllables have a slightly stronger stress. That’s a direction by itself – the stronger stresses usually fall on the important words. About.com: So what about lines with less than ten syllables? Ben Crystal: Well, either Shakespeare couldn’t count and was an idiot - or he was a genius and knew what he was doing. When there are less than ten syllables in a line, he’s giving the actor room to think. If the meter changes at any point, it’s a direction from Shakespeare to his actors about the character they’re playing. It sounds quite complicated, but actually, once you know what you’re looking for, it’s incredibly straightforward. Shakespeare knew that his actors would have had this rhythm flowing through their veins, and so would his audience. If he broke the rhythm, they’d feel it. To not understand iambic pentameter as an actor is to not understand 80% of the style Shakespeare wrote in, and the same amount again of what makes his writing so terrific. Shakespeare on Toast by Ben Crystal is published by Icon Books.

Reforms in Competition Policy in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reforms in Competition Policy in the UK - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in any business environment, competition is a vital element that brings about both positive and negative results. This is because it is seen as a sort of reward for innovation and efficiency, it is also enhances productivity within any given country or region. In addition, competition ensures that customers can get low price and more choices. Besides this, their living standards are raised. Indeed, if competition is supported by the right competition policies, then a country can be well on its way to achieve economic prosperity. In this context, policies in this area are necessary to ensure that trade practices are regulated, undue competition is restricted through legislature and that markets are strengthened so that businesses can become viable in the global market. Competition policies are designed to ascertain that the financial market is opened up. Besides this, it also floats the country's currency and decreases trade barriers. T here are a number of direct benefits that come out of competition policies to businesses; some of these include low costs for utilities like electricity, telephones and other telecommunication charges. Transportation costs are also reduced like rail freights and port. However, country's undertaking such policies should be aware that this involves a high cost to them. There are a large number of parties that are affected negatively by this kind of scheme. The first are industries, the second are households, the third are industries and even regions n general. Households are the ones who have to bear the burden of job cuts and consequently loss of income spiralling from competition policies. Prime Minister Gordon Brown believes that the function of competition policy is to promote competition and to reinforce markets. He believes that its purpose is to regulate the business environment such that purchasers and challenges can be protected. In addition, incentives in business mustn't be obliterated; they should still be able to create, invest and take risks. Recent changes in competition policy have been centred along these latter mentioned principles. The UK parliament has looked at merger laws that were passed in the competition policy of 1998. This merger law has been placed under scrutiny by parliament through the Enterprise bill. This Bill that was passed in the year 2000 was designed to regulate mergers within the business environment. The law stipulates that mergers should be made only when they do not limit competition. Mergers that give such indications are to be taken to the Office of Fair Trading. This body will determine whether the merger should be subjected to further scrutiny under the Competition Commission which has the mandate to halt or allow progress of the merger. These reforms are aimed at providing some additional safeguards against unfair trade practices. Some business owners contemplating mergers may have unfair possession of assets if the mergers are completed thus justifying the need for regulations. There are a number of services that have blockages in regards to mergers. An example of an unhealthy merger that was prohibited in the year 1999 was the Manchester United/ BSkyB merger. Such a merger would present considerable problems to the business environment surrounding media communications. Firstly, the merger was going to give the media Company undue vertical privileges that would inhibit other players in the industry. Consequently, this effect would then trickle down to the final consumer and cause dissatisfaction because only one company has exclusive privileges and will therefore have more market power. Restrictions of competitive agreements and dominant positions in the market Competition policies in the recent past also regulate provision of services that are outside the traditional domain of any business. This has received a lot of emphasis after technological advancements.

Critical Evaluation and Analysis of Employability Skills Essay - 1

Critical Evaluation and Analysis of Employability Skills - Essay Example The researcher’s main focus was to improve his skills in report writing because as a spinal research coordinator, he is required to write various projects and business cases. In addition, the author’s skills in budgeting, assertiveness, leadership, team working and knowing how to deal with difficult situations in line with HR policies are all important skills. Evaluation is an important stage in the self-reflection as it helps me to focus on my career goals and those of the organization. In researcher’s role as a spinal research coordinator he is required to liaise and coordinate with different levels of staff - medical and non-medical - within the spinal deformity unit and across the hospital. The coordination of various research projects, managing elements of operational delivery of the spinal deformity unit, and resource planning and assessment, are all requirements of researcher’s role. These requirements are in line with researcher’s plan to be come more conversant with HR policies. Thus, the researcher has developed team building skills since this role involved familiarizing himself with HR policies and regulations would enable him to work with human resource activities which require management. This plan has helped to improve researcher’s service delivery in the field of human resources and use his time more effectively to fulfill his potential and further career. The researcher’s personal development plan was to improve his report-writing skills which seem to meet the requirements of researcher’s organization. The role of a spinal research coordinator in his organization requires someone with knowledge of writing various reports and working on business cases. Since at the moment the author has little skills in regard to report writing, developing these skills shall be of paramount importance in attaining his organization’s requirements in this area. Other requirements of researcher’s o rganization, such as assisting the human resources department in recruitment and resource planning, are tasks that a resource manager should be accountable for.